Table of Contents

1. General Introduction

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2. 1. (1890) William James, Psychology (Briefer Course), New York: Holt, Chapter XVI, "Association," pp. 253-279.

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3. 2. (1943) Warren S. McCulloch and Walter Pitts, "A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity," Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 5:115-133.

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4. 3. (1947) Walter Pitts and Warren S. McCulloch, "How we know universals: the perception of auditory and visual forms," Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 9:127-147.

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5. 4. (1949) Donald O.Hebb, The Organization of Behavior, New York: Wiley, Introduction and Chapter 4, "The first stage of perception: growth of the assembly," pp. xi-xix, 60-78.

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6. 5. (1950) K. S. Lashley, "In search of the engram," Society of Experimental Biology Symposium, No. 4: Psychological Mechanisms in Animal Behavior, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 454-455, 468-473, 477-480.

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7. 6. (1956) N. Rochester, J. H. Holland, L. H. Habit, and W. L. Duda, "Tests on a cell assembly theory of the action of the brain, using a large digital computer," IRE Transactions on Information Theory IT-2: 80-93.

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8. 7. (1958) John von Neumann, The Computer and the Brain, New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 66-82.

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9. 8. (1958) F. Rosenblatt, "The perceptron: a probabilistic model for information storage and organization in the brain," Psychological Review, 65:386-408.

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10. 9. (1958) O. G. Selfridge, "Pandemonium: a paradigm for learning," Mechanisation of Thought Processes: Proceedings of a Symposium Held at the National Physical Laboratory, November 1958, London: HMSO, pp. 513-526.

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11. 10. (1960) Bernard Widrow and Marcian E. Hoff, "Adaptive switching circuits," 1960 IRE WESCON Convention Record, New York: IRE, pp. 96-104.

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12. 11. (1962) H. D. Block, "The Perceptron: a model for brain functioning. I," Reviews of Modern Physics 34:123-135.

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13. 12. (1969) D. J. Willshaw, O. P. Buneman, and H. C. Longuet-Higgins, "Non-holographic associative memory," Nature 222:960-962.

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14. 13. (1969) Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert, Perceptrons, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, Introduction, pp. 1-20, and p. 73 (figure 5.1).

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15. 14, 15. (1972) Teuvo Kohonen, "Correlation matrix memories," IEEE Transactions on Computers C-21: 353-359.(1972) James A. Anderson, "A simple neural network generating an interactive memory," Mathematical Biosciences 14:197-220

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16. 16. (1973) L. N. Cooper, "A possible organization of animal memory and learning," Proceedings of the Nobel Symposium on Collective Properties of Physical Systems, B. Lundquist and S. Lundquist (Eds.), New York: Academic Press, pp. 252-264.

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17. 17. (1973) Chr. von der Malsburg, "Self-organization of orientation sensitive cells in the striate cortex," Kybernetik 14:85-100.

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18. 18. (1975) W. A. Little and Gordon L. Shaw, "A statistical theory of short and long term memory," Behavioural Biology 14:115-133.

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19. 19. (1976) S. Grossberg, "Adaptive pattern classification and universal recoding: I. Parallel development and coding of neural feature detectors," Biological Cybernetics 23:121-134.

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20. 20. (1976) D. Marr and T. Poggio, "Cooperative computation of stereo disparity," Science 194:283-287.

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21. 21. (1977) S.-I. Amari, "Neural theory of association and concept-formation," Biological Cybernetics 26:175-185.

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22. 22. (1977) James A. Anderson, Jack W. Silverstein, Stephen A. Ritz, and RAndall S. Jones, "Distinctive features, categorical perceptron, and probability learning: some applications of a neural model," Psychological Review 84:413-451.

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23. 23. (1978) Scott E. Brodie, Bruce W. Knight, and Floyd Ratliff, "The response of the Limulus retina to moving stimuli: a prediction by Fourier synthesis," Journal of General Psychology 72:129-154, 162-166.

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24. 24. (1980) Stephen Grossberg, "How does a brain build a cognitive code?" Psychological Review 87:1-51.

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25. 25. (1981) James L. McClelland and David E. Rumelhart, "An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: part 1. An account of basic findings," Psychological Review, 88:375-407.

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26. 26. (1982) Elie L. Bienenstock, Leon N. Cooper, and Paul W. Munro, "Theory for the development of neuron selectivity: orientation specificity and binocular interaction in visual cortex," Journal of Neuroscience 2:32-48.

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27. 27. (1982) J. J. Hopfield, "Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 79:2554-2558.

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28. 28. (1982) David Marr, Vision, San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, pp. 19-38, 54-61.

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29. 29. (1982) J. A. Feldman and D. H. Ballard, "Connectionist models and their properties," Cognitive Science 6:205-254.

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30. 30. (1982) Teuvo Kohonen, "Self-organized formation of topologically correct feature maps," Biological Cybernetics 43:59-69.

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31. 31. (1983) Kunihiko Fukushima, Sei Miyake, and Takayuki Ito, "Neocognitron: a neural network model for a mechanism of visual pattern recognition," IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics SMC-13:826-834.

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32. 32. (1983) Andrew G. Barto, Richard S. Sutton, and Charles W. Anderson, "Neuronlike adaptive elements that can solve difficult learning control problems," IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics SMC-13:834-846.

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33. 33. (1983) S. Kirkpatrick, C. D. Gelatt, Jr., and M. P. Vecchi, "Optimization of simulated annealing," Science 220:671-680.

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34. 34. (1984) Francis Click, "Function of the thalamic reticular complex: the searchlight hypothesis," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 81:4586-4590.

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35. 35. (1984) J. J. Hopfield, "Neurons with graded response have collective computational properties like those of two-state neurons," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 81:3088-3092.

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36. 36. (1984) Andrew G. Knapp and James A. Anderson, "Theory of categorization based on distributed memory storage," Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 10:616-637.

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37. 37. (1984) Stuart Geman and Donald Geman, "Stochastic relaxation, Gibbs distributions, and the Bayesian restoration of images," IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence PAMI-6:721-741.

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38. 38. (1985) David H. Ackley, Geoffrey E. Hinton, and Terrence J. Sejnowski, "A learning algorithm for Boltzmann machines," Cognitive Science 9:147-169.

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39. 39. (1985) Nabil H. Farhat, Demetri Psalitis, Aluizio Prata, and Eung Pake, "Optical implementation of the Hopfield model," Applied Optics 24:1469-1475.

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40. 40. (1986) Terrence J. Sejnowski and Charles R. Rosenberg, "NETtalk: a parallel network that learns to read aloud," The Johns Hopkins University Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Technical Report JHU/EECS-86/01, 32 pp.

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41. 41, 42. (1986) D. E. Rumelhart, G. E. Hinton, and R. J. Williams, "Learning internal representations by error propogation," Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructures of Cognition, Vol. I, D. E. Rumelhart and J. L. McClelland (Eds.) Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 318-362.(1986) David E. Rumelhart, Geoffrey E. Hinton, and Ronald J. Williams, "Learning representations by back-propogating errors," Nature 323:533-536.

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42. 43. (1987) Massimo A. Sivilotti, Michelle A. Mahowald, and Carver A. Mead, "Real-time visual computations using analog CMOS proceeding arrays," Advanced Research in VLSI: Proceedings of the 1987 Stanford Conference, P. Losleben (Ed.), Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 295-312.

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43. Afterword

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44. Name Index

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45. Subject Index

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