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Abstract semantic representations, 164–166
Action knowledge retrieval, 162–163
Action sequences and basal ganglia, 136
Activation
across multiple tasks, 60
cognitive aging and, 412–413
combining neuroimaging and neuropsychological data in studying, 470–477
Active condition and language processing, 213–216
Adaptation, 119
Adolphs, R., 439
Affective-motivational variables, 335–336
Aizenstein, H. J., 131
Allport, Allan, 150, 151, 158, 164, 165, 168
Alzheimer's disease, 208
Amodal semantic system, 170–171
Amygdala function
assessment of, 421–425, 445–446
automaticity and, 432–435
event-related potentials (ERPs) and, 422–423
explicit emotional memory and, 428–431
facilitation of attention and, 435
fMRI assessment of, 423–424
implicit emotional memory and, 426–427
social cognition and, 438–442
Anderson, A. K., 430, 433, 434, 435–436
Anderson, N. D., 398
Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), 134–135
in executive functions, 316–317, 321–324, 331–333, 336, 338–339
model-based neuroimaging of, 338–339
Aphasia, Broca's, 202–205
Aron, A. R., 128
Arterial spin labeling (ASL), 47–48
Articulation, mapping of speech onto, 201
Articulatory rehearsal process, 283
Artifacts, susceptibility, 41–43
Artificial grammar learning, 130–131
Ashby, F. G., 133
Assumption of control, 103
Assumption of stability, 103–104
Atkinson, R. C., 309
Attention
aging and, 387–388
amygdala and, 435–437
automaticity in, 432–435
cognitive model of, 87–88
control network, 93–99
control of selection in, 88–89
definition of, 86–87
emotion, social cognition and, 432–438
facilitation of, 435–437
functional neuroimaging of, 85–99
issues in studying, 99–105
neural correlates of spatial, 88
neuronal function and, 67–68
passive condition and, 209, 212
spatial selection and visuomotor processing and, 100–105
studies using PET and fMRI, 89–93
theoretical implications of real-world constraints on, 103–105
Attentional biasing operations, 248
Attribute domains of semantic memory, 157–158
nonvisual, 162–164
visual, 158–162
Attwell, D., 39
Auditory perception, 163
Awareness in learning, 137–139
Bäckman, L., 395, 405
Baddeley, A., 271–272, 283, 284, 309
Baker, S. C., 328
Bandettini, P. A., 48
Banich, M. T., 315, 332
Barabási, Albert-Lásló, 177
Barch, D. M., 320
Barsalou, L. W., 200
Basal ganglia, 113, 120
action sequences and, 136
in habit learning, 135–136
reinforcement learning and, 136–137
Basal ganglia (cont.)
set switching and, 137
in skill learning, 135–137
Beauchamp, M. S., 160
Behavior and the brain, 61, 334–335, 422
Binder, J. R., 201
Blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) contrast. See BOLD (blood-oxygenation-level-dependent) contrast
Bodurka, J., 48
BOLD (blood-oxygenation-level-dependent) contrast
amygdala and, 434–435
in children, 355–357
discovery of, 31–32
ERPs and, 367, 368
imaging of communication and, 193
in neuropsychologically impaired patients, 470
non-, 47–48, 49f
physiological basis for, 32–35
relation between neuronal activity and, 37–40
social learning and, 443
uncertainty in, 68–70
Bongiolatti, S. R., 329
Borgo, F., 168
Brain, 5
Brain, the. See also Frontoparietal network
behavior and, 61, 334–335, 422
energy consumption of, 12–13
energy production in, 8
face perception and, 11
flow measurements with PET, 6–7
function, irregular, 62–63
functional imaging of, 422
individual differences in, 12
lesions in, 88–89
necessary areas of, 471–472
passive condition in, 208–213
sufficient systems of, 471
Braver, T. S., 317, 329
Breiter, H. C., 430
Brewer, J. B., 236
Broadmann areas (BAs), 381–386
Broca's aphasia, 202–205
Broca's area
in neuropsychologically impaired patients, 456, 459
in working memory, 283–285
Brodmann, Korbinian, 10
Buckner, R. L., 255, 396
Bucy, P. C., 421
Burgund, E. D., 355–356
Cabeza, R., 257, 258, 410
on cognitive aging, 380, 387, 388, 390, 392
on context memory, 405, 406
on face recognition, 402, 403
on incidental encoding, 400
on intentional encoding, 397, 398
on recall, 405
Canli, T., 428
Caramazza, A., 155, 167, 168, 170
Casey, B. J., 357, 358, 363
Caudate nucleus activation, 124–125, 128
Cerebellum, 117, 118
role in adaptation, 119
Cerebral blood flow (CBF), 32–33
Cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (CMRglu), 32–33
Cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2), 32–33
Chainay, H., 171
Chao, L., 160
Chein, J. M., 284
Christoff, K., 329, 433
Cincotta, C. M., 133
Classification learning
artificial grammar, 130–131
perceptual categorization, 133
probabilistic, 127–130
visual prototype, 131–132
Clower, D. M., 119
Coarse memory task distinctions, 244–245
Cognition, higher, 327–330
Cognitive aging
attention and, 387–388
characteristics of older adults and, 379–381
context memory and, 405
direct cross-function comparisons in, 407–409
episodic memory
encoding and, 397–401
retrieval and, 402–407
executive functions and, 393–395
functional neuroimaging of, 381–409
implicit memory and, 395–397
incidental encoding and, 399–400
intentional encoding and, 397–399
language/semantic processing and, 388–390
performance and, 411–412
recall and, 404–405
recognition and, 402–404
subjects for study of, 409–410
subsequent memory and, 400–401
task activations and, 412–413
task complexity and, 410–411
visual perception and, 381, 386
working memory and, 390–393
Cognitive development, early
combining ERPs and fMRI in analysis of, 366–369
event-related potentials (ERPs) and, 352, 361–366
functional magnetic resonance imaging of, 352–361
functional neuroimaging of, 352–369
future directions in, 369–373
Cognitive ethology, 104–105
Cognitive model, 87–88
Cognitive reserve (CR), 403
Cognitive subtraction, 274–279
Cohen, J. D., 272, 294
Cohen, L., 218
Cohen, N. J., 134
Color, perception of, 159–160
Combination of functional imaging methods, 366–369
Communication. See also Language
imaging of, 192–195
social, 438–442
Comparisons between species, 61
Connectivity approaches to executive control, 337–338
Context memory, 405–407
Contextually specific memory demands, 245–248
Contralateral vs. ipsilateral compensation, 468
Contrast, image, 29–31
BOLD
discovery of, 31–32
non-, 47–48, 49f
physiological basis for, 32–35
relation between neuronal activity and, 37–40
uncertainty in, 68–70
Controlled retrieval of meaning, 201–202
Control of selection in attention, 88–89
Corbetta, M., 90, 92, 93
Coryell, Charles D., 8, 31
Courtney, S. M., 279, 292
Csibra, G., 362
Current state of functional imaging, 9–11
Curtis, C. E., 282, 288, 319
Cushing, Harvey, 5
Daselaar, S. M., 396, 400, 401
on face recognition, 402
Data analysis preprocessing and statistics, 70–75
Data-driven experiments, 55
Davis, E. P., 363
Dayan, P., 323
Decety, J., 160, 162
Dedifferentiation account, 381
De Gelder, B., 439
Degeneracy as a mechanism for recovery, 462–468
Dehaene-Lambertz, G., 353, 362
Dehane, S., 218
Delayed match to sample (DMTS) activity, 393
Delay-period activity, 282–283
Delays, working memory, 288–290
Dementia, semantic, 152
D’Esposito, M., 293, 296, 319, 326, 391
Diaschisis, 459
Difference in memory paradigm (DM), 235–236
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), 177, 372–373
DiGirolamo, G. J., 394
Direct cross-function comparisons, 407–409
Discovery of BOLD contrast, 31–32
Dissociations, double, 333
Dobbins, I. G., 246, 248, 253, 254
Dolcos, F., 430
Donders, Franciscus C., 7
Dorsal visual processing stream, 161–162
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), 270
function of, 272–273
in underdetermined responding, 320–321
in working memory delays, 289
Double dissociations, 333
Durston, S., 372
Echo-planar imaging (EPI), 35–36, 194
Echo time (TE), 29–31, 45–47
Eichenbaum, H., 134
Ekman, P., 430, 439
Eldridge, L. L., 259
Electroencephalography (EEG), 91, 212, 362
triggered fMRI, 367
Emotion. See also Social cognition
amygdala function in, 421–425, 445–446
attention and perception in, 432–438
emotional learning and memory functions in, 425–432
event-related potentials (ERPs) and, 422–423
explicit emotional memory in, 428–431
functional neuroimaging of, 425–445
implicit emotional memory in, 426–427
study of, 421
Emotional memory
explicit, 428–431
implicit, 426–427
Encoding
domain general episodic, 238–243
functional imaging of episodic, 234–236
incidental, 399–400
intentional, 397–399
specificity principle, 231
specific mechanisms across task and content, 237–238
Energy consumption of the brain, 12–13
Episodic memory, 150, 152–154
advances in imaging of, 259–261
coarse memory task distinctions and, 244–245
cognitive aging and, 397–407
contextually specific memory demands and, 245–248
domain general episodic encoding and, 238–243
encoding specific mechanisms across task and content and, 237–238
episodic encoding and, 234–236
functional imaging of retrieval of, 243–259
functional neuroimaging of, 234–259
qualia vs. continua in, 258–259
retrieval, 402–407
semantic knowledge and, 230–231
Episodic memory (cont.)
study of, 229–230
temporal profile and relative timing of activity, 249–253
verdicality of memory report and, 253–257
Episodic retrieval mode, 244–245
Eriksen, C. W., 87
Eriksen task, 316
Error-related negativity (ERN), 322
Esposito, G., 395
Essay Concerning Human Understanding, An, 179
Ethology, cognitive, 104–105
Evaluation of basal ganglia in skill learning, 137
Event-related designs, 57–58
Event-related fMRI, 235–236
Event-related potentials (ERPs), 212, 322–323
amygdala neurons and, 422–423
combining fMRI and, 366–369
early cognitive development and, 352, 361–366
Executive functions
affective-motivational variables, 335–336
brain-behavior relationships and, 334–335
cognitive aging and, 393–395
connectivity approaches to, 337–338
double dissociations and, 333
functional neuroimaging of, 310–330
higher cognition in, 327–330
individual differences in, 335
interactive effects of task factors in, 334
model-based neuroimaging of, 338–339
performance monitoring in, 321–324
processes vs. tasks in, 332–333
recent literature on, 330–332
response inhibition in, 316–319
stimulus-response interference in, 314–316
strategic control of memory and, 310–314
studies of, 307–310
supervisory attentional system (SAS) theory of, 308–309
task management in, 324–327
temporal dynamics of neural activity and, 336–337
underdetermined responding in, 319–321
working memory in, 309–314
Experimental design
and analysis, 54–59
event-related, 57–58
hypothesis-driven experiments and, 55–56
issues in, 59–75
region of interest (ROI) approach, 55–56, 63–65
research in, 45–47
subtraction logic in, 54–55, 65–68
thought experiments in, 60–63
Explicit emotional memory, 428–431
Explicit sequence learning, 117–118
Face
perception, 11
recognition, 402–404
Facilitation of attention, 435–437
Factorial design, 66–67
Farah, M. J., 178
Fear conditioning, 427
Fiez, J. A., 284
Flanker task, 316
FMRI for Dummies, 54
Form, perception of, 161–162
Formation, image, 28–29
Freud, Sigmund, 150, 151
Fried, L. S., 132
Friesen, W. V., 430, 439
Friston, K. J., 435
Frith, C. D., 406
Frontal eye fields (FEF), 279–283, 296, 318–319
Frontoparietal network
attentional control and, 93–99
functions of, 91–93
and orientation to spatial locations, 98–99
specificity within, 97–99
Fulton, John, 5
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). See Magnetic resonance imaging, functional (fMRI)
Functional reorganization, 466
Fusiform face area (FFA), 286–288, 433
Fusiform gyrus, 199–200
Fuster, J. M., 272
Future directions in functional neuroimaging, 11–13, 14–15
Gabrieli, J. D., 124, 329
Gage, Phineas, 307
Gauthier, I., 125
Gazzaley, A., 296
General organization principles, derivation of, 62
Giesbrecht, B., 97
Glisky, E. L., 410
Glucose metabolism, 32–33
Go and nogo responses, 316–319
Goedert-Eschmann, K., 140
Goldberg, R. F., 165
Goldman-Rakic, P. S., 272, 273, 290
Gradient-echo (GE), 194
Grady, C. L., 410
on cognitive aging, 380, 381, 390, 391, 392
on episodic memory retrieval, 402
on incidental encoding, 399, 400
on intentional encoding, 397, 398
on recall, 405
Grammar learning and striatum, 138
Gray, J. R., 314, 334, 335
Grezes, J., 162
Grill-Spector, K., 46, 126
Grossi, G., 363
Grossman, M., 389
Gunning-Dixon, F. M., 386
Gutchess, A. H., 401
Habit learning, 135–136
Han, S., 253
Handy, T. C., 102
Harter, M. R., 91
Haut, M. W., 391
Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in Older Adults (HAROLD) model, 380, 389, 393, 400, 401, 405
context memory and, 406–407
Hemispheric Encoding-Retrieval Asymmetry (HERA), 153, 244
Henson, R. N. A., 257, 259
Herron, J. E., 246, 248, 252
High-field scanning, 43–45
Hill, Leonard, 5
Hippocampus, 234
Hirst, R., 133
Historical background of functional neuroimaging, 4–6, 13–14
Hoffman, J. E., 87
Holcomb, H., 119
Holyoak, K. J., 132
Hopfinger, J. B., 92, 93
Horwitz, B., 459
Houk, J. C., 136–137
Hounsfield, Godfrey, 6
Human functions, uniquely, 61–62
Hume, David, 149
Humphreys, G. W., 171
Huntington's disease, 138
Hypothesis-driven experiments, 55–56
Iadecola, C., 39
Iidaka, T., 386, 398, 399
Image. See also BOLD (blood-oxygenation-level-dependent) contrast
contrast, 29–31
formation in fMRI, 28–29
Imamizu, H., 119
Implicit emotional memory, 426–427
Implicit memory and cognitive aging, 395–397
Implicit sequence learning, 115–117
Incidental encoding, 399–400
Independent component analysis (ICA), 55
Ingvar, David, 6
Inhibition, 316–319
Input modality-specific activations, 171
Integration of levels of analysis, 11–12
Intentional encoding, 397–399
Interactive effects of task factors, 334
Interference, stimulus-response, 314–316
Intraparietal sulcus (IPS), 279–282
Ipsilateral vs. contralateral compensation, 468
Irregular brain function, 62–63
James, William, 3, 5, 87
Jennings, J. R., 410
Jha, A. P., 289
Johnson, M. H., 362
Johnson, M. K., 245, 391
Johnson, S. C., 389, 390
Johnsrude, I. S., 198
Jonides, J., 274, 275, 394
Judgments of prior exposure frequency (JOF), 258–259
Jueptner, M., 122
Kable, J. W., 160
Kahn, I., 254, 256
Kang, H. C., 356
Kanwisher, Nancy, 72, 125
Kassubek, J., 124
Keele, S. W., 131
Kellenbach, M. L., 163
Kety, Seymour, 5
Kingstone, A., 104
Kinsbourne, M., 472
Klingberg,T., 326, 357, 372, 373
Kluver, H., 421
Knowledge, functional, 162
Koechlin, E., 329
Kolers, P. A., 134
Konishi, S., 322
Kosslyn, Steve, 54, 178, 258
Lamar, M., 393
Landau, William, 6
Langenecker, S. A., 394
Langley, L. K., 389
Language
active condition and, 213–216
controlled retrieval of meaning of, 201–202
in early cognitive development, 353–354
functional neuroimaging of, 198–207
imaging of communication and, 192–195
lesion deficit method in imaging, 196–197
and mapping of speech
onto articulation, 201
onto meaning in imaging, 198–200
parallel processes and, 195–196
passive condition and, 208–213
problem of null result in studying speech and, 217
problems of scale, modularity, and regional selectivity in studying speech and, 217–218
/semantic processing and cognitive aging, 388–390
and speech production, 206–207
study of, 191
Language (cont.)
syntax and, 202–206
and the visual word-form area (VWFA), 217–218
Lassen, Neils, 6
Lateral prefrontal cortex, 290–295, 325
Lau, H. C., 321
Lauterbur, Paul, 35
Learning
emotional
explicit emotional memory and, 428–431
implicit emotional memory and, 426–427
memory and, 425–432
social, 442–445
Left inferior frontal gyrus, 201–202
Lepage, M., 244
Lesion-deficit model, 196–197
limitations of, 457–458
Levine, B. K., 381
Lewis, C. S., 149
Lichtheim, L., 456
Liddle, P. F., 317–318
Lieberman, M. D., 130
Locke, John, 150, 179
Logan, J. M., 398, 400
Lorentz forces, 48, 49f
Luria, A. R., 307, 317
Lustig, C., 396, 411
MacDonald, A. W., III, 333
Madden, D. J., 387, 388, 389, 390, 410–411
on episodic encoding, 397
on face recognition, 402
Magnetic resonance imaging, functional (fMRI), 4, 6
adaptation to study of semantic memory, 175–177
amygdala function assessment using, 423–424, 439–440
attention studies using, 89–93
basic principles of, 22–37
BOLD contrast in, 31–35, 37–40, 68–70
cognitive subtraction and, 276–278
combining ERPs and, 366–369
of early cognitive development, 352–361
episodic memory formation study using, 235–236
event-related, 235–236
event-related potentials (ERPs) data analysis, 361–366
experimental design of, 45–47
high-field scanning, 43–45
image contrast in, 29–31
image formation in, 28–29
imaging of communication using, 192–195
introduction of, 8–9, 14
non-BOLD contrasts, 47–48, 49f
pulse sequences in, 35–37
rapid event-related, 128–129
relation between BOLD and neuronal activity in, 37–40
research issues in, 37–48, 49f
spatial and temporal resolution of, 40–43
spin excitation in, 24–26, 27f
uncertainty in, 68–70
of working memory, 297
Magnetoencephalography (MEG), 212, 423
Maguire, E. A., 406
Maintenance processes in working memory, 274–279
spatial, 279–283
Malach, R., 46
Mansfield, Peter, 35
Mapping of speech
onto articulation, 201
onto meaning, 198–200
Maratos, E. J., 430
Markowitsch, H. J., 430
Martin, Alex, 149, 155, 160
McCarthy, G., 289
McCarthy, R., 154, 166
McClelland, J. L., 177
McIntosh, A. R., 392
Meaning
controlled retrieval of, 201–202
mapping of speech onto, 198–200
Medial temporal lobe (MTL), 113, 120, 234
context memory in, 406
domain general episodic encoding in, 238–243
episodic memory formation in, 235–236
false memory paradigm in, 257
incidental encoding in, 399–400
intentional encoding in, 397–399
subsequent memory in, 401
visual perception in, 386
visuospatial working memory in, 391–393
Memory systems, 139–140. See also Semantic memory; Working memory (WM)
Mesulam, M. M., 200
Metabolism, oxygen and glucose, 32–35
Meulenbroek, O., 398, 406
Miezin, F. M., 90
Milham, M. P., 394
Miller, E. K., 272, 294
Milner, B., 307
Mirror reading, 123–125
Mismatch negativity (MMN), 362
Mitchell, K. J., 392, 393
Model-based neuroimaging, 338–339
Mohr, J. P., 197
Monchi, O., 322
Monitoring, performance, 321–324
Morcom, A. M., 400, 401
Morris, J. S., 435
Mosso, Angelo, 5
Motion, perception of, 160
Motor skill learning, 114–115
perceptual-motor relationships in, 118–121
Nagahama, Y., 395
Network properties of semantic memory, 177
Neural basis of skill learning, 133–135
Neural circuitry, 371–372
Neural correlates of spatial attention, 88
Neuroimaging, functional
of attention, 85–105
of cognitive aging, 381–409
combined with neuropsychological studies, 470–477
current state of, 9–11
of early cognitive development, 352–369
of emotion and social cognition, 425–445
of episodic encoding, 234–236
of episodic memory, 234–259
of episodic retrieval, 243–259
of executive functions, 310–330
experimental design and analysis, 45–47, 54–59
future directions in, 11–13, 14–15
growth of, 53–54
historical background of, 4–6, 13–14
integration of levels of analysis and, 11–12
and introduction of functional magnetic resonance imaging, 8–9
of language, 198–207
limitations of, 469–470
model-based, 338–339
of neuropsychologically impaired patients, 458–469
of semantic memory, 152–174
of skill learning, 114–133
of working memory, 274–288
x-ray computed tomography and introduction of, 6–8
Neuronal activity
attention and, 67–68
degenerate, 462–468
imaging of, 48, 49f
in neuropsychologically impaired patients, 461–462
relation between BOLD and, 37–40
temporal dynamics of, 336–337
Neuropsychologically impaired patients
application of imaging studies of, 468–469
degeneracy as a mechanism for recovery in, 462–468
functional imaging of, 458–469
limitations
of functional neuroimaging of, 469–470
of lesion-deficit model in studying, 457–458
multiple neuronal systems for same task in, 461–462
neuropsychological data combined with imaging in, 470–477
peri-infarct activity in, 461
structural and functional disconnections in, 458–460
studies of, 455–456
New Phrenology, The, 54
Nielson, K. A., 394
Nolde, S. F., 246
Non-BOLD contrasts, 47–48, 49f
Nonvisual attribute domains, 162–164
Noppeney, U., 160, 164, 178
Norman, D. A., 308
Nyberg, L., 399
Object recognition, skilled, 125–126
Object working memory maintenance, 286–288
Occipital-decrease/frontal-increase (ODFI) pattern, 379–380
visual perception and, 381, 386
O'Doherty, J., 323
Ogawa, Seiji, 32, 46
Older adults. See Cognitive aging
Olfactory senses, 163–164
Optical topography (OT), 373–374
Optic aphasia, 170
Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), 209, 323–324
Organization of semantic memory, 151, 200–201
categories in, 154–157
Orientation discrimination, 126
Owen, A. M., 291
Oxygen metabolism, 32–35
Panitz, D., 430
Parallel imaging, 41
Parallel processes, 195–196
Parametric studies, 66
Parietal lobe damage, 89
Park, D. C., 386, 392
Parkinson's disease, 138
Passive condition and language processing, 208–213
Paulesu, E., 459
Pauling, Linus, 8, 31
Pavlov, Ivan, 3–4
Perception, visual, 381, 386
Perceptual categorization, 133
Perceptual-motor relationships, 118–121
Perceptual skill learning, imaging of, 123–126
Performance
cognitive aging and, 411–412
monitoring, 321–324
Peri-infarct activity, 461
Peronnet, F., 178
Persistent activity during working memory delays, 288–290
Persson, J., 389, 390
Pessoa, L., 434
Petersen, S. E., 90, 319
Petrides, M., 291
Phelps, E. A., 435–436
Phonological loop, 283
Physiological basis for BOLD contrast, 32–35
Physiological noise, 72
Physiology and psychology, link between, 3–4
Pilgrim, L. K., 157
Plasticity, 465–466
Poldrack, R. A., 124, 132
Positron emission tomography (PET), 4, 6–7, 14–15, 53–54
active condition study using, 215–216
amygdala function assessment using, 423
attention studies using, 89–93
episodic memory formation study using, 235
face recognition studies using, 403
imaging of communication using, 192–195
invasiveness of, 31
passive condition study using, 209–212
PFC organization and, 291–292
Posner, M. I., 87, 89, 131
Posterior left inferior frontal gyrus (pLIFG), 172–174
Postler, J., 170
Prabhakaran, V., 329
Practice effects on skill learning, 121–123
Predictors of interest and no interest, 57
Prefrontal cortex (PFC), 122
abstract semantic representations and, 164–165
affective-motivational variables and, 335–336
attention, cognitive aging and, 388
coarse memory task distinctions in, 244–245
context memory in, 405–407
contextually specific memory demands and, 245–248
direct cross-function comparisons in, 407–409
episodic and semantic memory and, 152–154, 236
executive functions and, 308–309, 393–395
face recognition in, 402–404
higher cognition in, 329–330
implicit memory in, 395–397
incidental encoding in, 399–400
intentional encoding in, 397–399
interaction with other brain regions, 296–297
language/semantic processing in, 388–390
lateral, 290–295
maintenance processes, 274–279
neurons, 336–337
performance monitoring in, 321–324
qualia vs. continua in memory evidence and, 258–259
recent literature on, 330–332
selection of semantic representations in, 172–174
semantic memory retrieval in, 151
stimulus-response interference and, 314–316
strategic control of memory in, 311–314
subsequent memory in, 400–401
task management and, 325–326
temporal profile and relative timing of activity, 249–253
underdetermined responding in, 319–321
verdicality of memory report, 253–257
working memory and, 270, 296–297, 390–393
Preprocessing and statistics, 70–75
Price, C. J., 160, 164, 459
Primary motor cortex activation, 116–117
Principles of fMRI, 22–37
Principles of Psychology, The, 3
Probabilistic classification learning (PCL), 127–130
Processes vs. tasks in executive control, 332–333
Production of speech, 206–207
Prospective motor code, 282
Psychiatric disorders. See Neuropsychologically impaired patients
Psychological refractory period (PRP), 326–327
Psychology and physiology, link between, 3–4
Pulse sequences, 35–37
Pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus, 89
Qualia vs. continua in memory evidence, 258–259
Ranganath, C., 286
Rapid event-related fMRI, 128–129
Rausch, S. L., 430
Raven's Progressive Matrices, 328, 395
Reber, A. S., 131
Reber, P. J., 132
Recall
cognitive aging and, 404–405
/cued-recall tasks, 231
Recognition and cognitive aging, 402–404
Redundancy, 466–467
Region of interest (ROI) approach, 55–56, 60–61, 72–75
to visual protoype learning, 132
voxelwise vs., 63–65
Reinforcement learning, 136–137
Relaxation properties, 29–31
Remember/Know report technique, 259
Reorganization, functional, 466
Repetition time (TR), 29–31, 45–47
Research in fMRI
experimental design, 45–47
high-field scanning, 43–45
non-BOLD contrasts, 47–48, 49f
relation between BOLD and neuronal activity, 37–40
spatial and temporal resolution, 40–43
Resolution, spatial and temporal, 40–43
Responding, underdetermined, 319–321
Response inhibition, 316–319
Retrieval
cognitive aging and episodic memory, 402–407
of meaning, controlled, 201–202
mode, episodic, 244–245
orientations, 246
of semantic memory, 151–152
and tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon, 312
Reuter-Lorenz, P., 390, 392
Reynolds, J. R., 312
Rhodes, G., 125
Risberg, J., 6
Rissman, J., 296
Roediger/McDermott/Deese false memory paradigm, 257
Rogers, T. T., 165, 167, 177
Rombouts, S. A., 396
Rosen, A. C., 400, 406
Roy, C. S., 5
Rypma, B., 391
Saffran, E. M., 171
Scanning, high-field, 43–45
Schacter, D. L., 236, 257, 404
Schiavetto, A., 398, 399, 406
Schultz, W., 128
Schumacher, E. H., 293
Scott, S. K., 198
Seger, C. A., 133
Selection of semantic representations, 171–174
Semantic dementia, 152
Semantic memory
abstract semantic representations and, 164–166
application of fMRI to study of, 175–177
attribute domains of, 157–158
nonvisual, 162–164
visual, 158–162
auditory perception and, 163
categories of, 154–157, 166–169
cognitive aging and, 388–390
definition and study of, 149–150
episodic memory and, 150, 152–154
functional neuroimaging of, 152–174
network properties of, 177
organization of, 151, 154–169, 200–201
retrieval, 151–152, 170–174
selection of semantic representations in, 171–174
smell and taste perception and, 163–164
speech and, 200–201
variations in, 178–179
words and pictures in accessing, 170–171
Sensory-functional theory, 166
Sequence learning
explicit, 117–118
implicit, 115–117
Sequences, pulse, 35–37
Serial response time task (SRTT), 115–116
Set switching and basal ganglia, 137
Shadmehr, R., 119
Shallice, T., 168, 308
Sherrington, Charles, 3, 5
Shiffrin, R. M., 309
Shimming, 71
Shulman, G. L., 90
Signal detection theory (SDT), 232–233
Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), 43–44, 54
Simmons, W. K., 200
Simon paradigm, 316
Size, perception of, 161
Skilled object recognition, 125–126
Skill learning
artificial grammar, 130–131
basal ganglia and, 113, 135–137
explicit sequence, 117–118
functional neuroimaging of, 114–133
imaging of classification, 127–133
imaging of perceptual, 123–126
implicit sequence, 115–117
memory systems in, 139–140
mirror reading, 123–125
motor, 114–115
neural basis of, 133–135
orientation discrimination in, 126
perceptual, 123–126
perceptual categorization, 133
perceptual-motor relationships and, 118–121
practice effects on, 121–123
probabilistic classification, 127–130
role of awareness in, 137–139
skilled object recognition in, 125–126
visual prototype, 131–132
Skin conductance response (SCR), 443
Skosnik, P. D., 130
Smell and taste perception, 163–164
Smilek, D., 104
Smith, E. E., 394
Snyder, K., 364
Social cognition. See also Emotion
amygdala function and, 438–446
social communication and, 438–442
social learning and, 442–445
Sokoloff, Lou, 5
Source monitoring framework, 245
Source recognition tasks, 231–232
Spatial and temporal resolution, 40–43
Spatial attention. See Attention
Spatial working memory maintenance, 279–283
Specificity within the frontoparietal network, 97–99
Speech. See Language
Spin excitation, 24–26, 27f
Stebbins, G. T., 399
Stephan, K. M., 122
Stern, Y., 403
Stimulus-response interference, 314–316
Strategic control of memory, 310–314
Striatum role in grammar learning, 138
Stroke, 204
Stroop attentional control, 315–316, 394
Structural and functional disconnections in neuropsychologically impaired patients, 458–460
Subsequent memory, 400–401, 426
Subtraction logic, 54–55, 65–68
Supervisory attentional system (SAS), 308–309
Supplementary eye fields (SEF), 318–319
Supranuclear palsy, 89
Susceptibility artifacts, 41–43
Syntax, 202–206
T1, T2, T3, 29–31
Task
complexity, 410–411
management and executive functions, 324–327
TE (echo time), 29–31, 45–47
Temporal and spatial resolution, 40–43
Temporal dynamics of neural activity, 336–337
Temporal profile and relative timing of activity, 249–253
Thomas, K. M., 372
Thompson-Schill, S. L., 167
Thomsen, T., 388
Thought experiments, 60–63
Tip-of-tongue (TOT) phenomenon, 312
Toni, I., 120
Tower of London (ToL) planning task, 327–328, 332
Tracking tasks, 117
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), 425
TR (repetition time), 29–31, 45–47
Tulving, Endel, 53, 149, 152, 175
on episodic memory, 229, 230, 231, 232
Turkington, T. G., 397, 402, 410
Tyler, L. K., 157
Ullman, M. T., 205–206
Uncertainty in neuroimaging, 68–70
Underdetermined responding, 319–321
Unmasking, 467–468
Uttal, William, 54
Vandenberghe, R., 170
Van Veen, V., 316
Variations in semantic memory, 178–179
Velanova, K., 252
Veltman, D. J., 400, 401
on face recognition, 402
Verbal working memory maintenance, 283–285
Verdicality of memory report, 253–257
Vicariation, 467
Visual attribute domains, 158–162
Visual perception, 381, 386
Visual prototype learning, 131–132
Visual word-form area (VWFA), 217–218
Visuomotor processing and spatial selection, 100–105
Visuospatial working memory, 391–393
Volumetry, 425
Voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping (VLSM), 203–204
Voxelwise approach, 55, 63–65
Vuilleumier, P., 433–434, 436
Wagner, A. D., 236, 248, 257
Warrington, E. K., 154, 166
Wernicke's area, 456, 458–459
Whalen, P. J., 430, 438, 439, 440
Wheeler, M. E., 255, 256
Wilding, E. L., 246, 248, 252
Williams, M. A., 433, 434
Willingham, D. B., 139–140
Wilson, B. A., 178
Wisconsin Card Sort Task (WCST), 321, 395
Woldorff, M. G., 98
Word-length effect, 284
Words and pictures in accessing semantic memory, 170–171
Word-similarity effect, 284
Working memory (WM)
brain regions involved in, 270
cognitive aging and, 390–393
definition of, 269
delays, 288–290
in executive functions, 309–314
functional neuroimaging of, 274–288
lateral PFC and, 290–295
maintenance processes, 274–279
model of dorsolateral prefrontal cortical function in, 272–273
object, 286–288
PFC interaction with other brain regions in, 296–297
spatial, 279–283
subcomponents of, 271–272
verbal, 283–285
visuospatial, 391–393
Working memory (WM) paradigm, 258
X-ray computed tomography, 6–8
Yang, Y., 372
Yantis, S., 99
Young adults. See Cognitive aging
